الدولة الخوارزمية من النشأة إلى السقوط (490- 628 هـ/ 1096- 1231م)

Abstract

The aim of the research is to provide a brief account of the history of the Khwarazmian state from its establishment until its fall. The Khwarazmian state was established in the fifth century AH, the eleventh century AD, and was a prominent Islamic state in the Islamic East. Its origin was the Khwarazm region, which is located in the eastern part of the Islamic state in Asia. It was first under the rule of the Seljuks, until it became independent as a state under Anushtakin, who was appointed by the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah as governor of Khwarazm in the year 471 AH (1077 AD). After Anushtakin died in the year 490 AH / 1097 AD, his son Qutb al-Din Muhammad succeeded him in the emirate, who was given the title Khwarazm Shah. After the stage of emergence came the stage of expansion and spread, as the Khwarazmian state expanded during the reign of Sultan Ala al-Din Takish, and his reign, which extended for more than a quarter of a century (568-596 AH / 1173-1200 AD), is considered the golden age of the Khwarazmian state, as he was able to defeat the Seljuks and seize their lands and state. Then, after Takish died, he was succeeded by his son Ala al-Din Muhammad, during whose rule the Khwarazmian state expanded greatly, and he seized the region of Khorasan and Transoxiana. The Khwarazmian state expanded even more during the reign of Ala al-Din Muhammad, as it reached its maximum expansion during his reign, extending from Iraq in the west to India in the east, and from the north of the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea in the north to the Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean in the south. This expansion coincided with the emergence of the Tatars (Mongols) led by Genghis Khan, who seized China, then began to advance with his armies towards the west, i.e. towards the Islamic countries, so the clash between the two states was inevitable. At the beginning of the seventh century AH (thirteenth century AD), wars began between the Khwarazmians and the Mongols in early 612 AH/1215 AD, so the cities of the Khwarazmian state fell one after the other, so the Mongols entered Atrar, Bukhara, and Samarkand in 616 AH/1219 AD. In the end, the Mongols were able to defeat and destroy the Khwarazmian state in 628 AH (1231 AD), which led to the end of the Khwarazmian state. Among the most important reasons for this fall and the end of the Khwarazmian state were not only the Mongol war, but also the preoccupation of its sultans with internal wars, as well as the war with the Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir li-Din Allah in Iraq, and the greed for the rapid expansion of the state without considering the danger coming from the east.