A Comparative Study of the Muʿallaqa of ʿAmr ibn Kulthūm and the Muʿallaqa of al-Ḥārith ibn Ḥillizah al-Yashkurī: An Artistic Study

Abstract

This study presents a comparative analysis of the Muʿallaqa of ʿAmr ibn Kulthūm and the Muʿallaqa of al-Ḥārith ibn Ḥillizah by examining their artistic, intellectual, and stylistic dimensions. It also explores the influence of the historical occasion and tribal conflict on the formation of their themes and artistic structure. The findings reveal that both poems constitute outstanding examples of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, reflecting the life of the tribe and its core values, including pride, courage, and the defense of lineage and social status. The study further demonstrates that, although both Muʿallaqāt were composed in response to the same historical context, this shared occasion did not result in an identical poetic vision. Rather, each poet maintained a distinct artistic identity and stylistic approach. ʿAmr ibn Kulthūm's poetry is characterized by enthusiasm, hyperbole, and a spirit of defiance, whereas al-Ḥārith ibn Ḥillizah adopts a more balanced and argumentative style, seeking to persuade the audience through logical reasoning and convincing evidence. Moreover, the comparative analysis highlights the significant role of poetic musicality, internal rhythm, and artistic imagery in reinforcing meaning and intensifying psychological impact. The meter, rhyme, and stylistic features harmonize with the emotional experience expressed by each poet, thereby enhancing the aesthetic and expressive qualities of the poems. In conclusion, the two Muʿallaqāt attest to the richness of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and its remarkable ability to articulate tribal and social concerns through diverse artistic techniques that combine aesthetic excellence with emotional authenticity.