Illegal Migration as a Diplomatic Tool - Analysing the Determinants of Libyan Policy in Interaction with the European Union

Abstract

This study examines irregular migration as a key determinant of Libya’s diplomatic policy toward the European Union during the period from 2011 to 2025. It aims to analyze both internal factors (political, security, and economic) and external factors (EU policies) that shape Libya’s diplomatic strategies, while evaluating their effectiveness in achieving national interests. The study adopts a qualitative methodology and case study approach, drawing on Realism and Regional Security Theory as analytical frameworks to assess the dynamics between Libya and the European Union on the issue of migration. The findings indicate that Libya employs irregular migration as a bargaining tool to secure economic and political support; however, the effectiveness of this approach remains limited due to internal divisions, institutional fragmentation, and the divergent priorities of European states. The study concludes with a set of recommendations to enhance Libya’s diplomatic capacity and to improve bilateral cooperation with the European Union in managing irregular migration in a more balanced and sustainable manner.