The Etiquette and Regulations of Auditory Practices in Sufi Conduct: Shaykh Abd al-Salam al-Asmar as a Model

Abstract

The concept of sama (spiritual listening) in Islamic Sufism is closely connected to dhikr (remembrance of God), wajd (spiritual ecstasy), and moral purification. It represents a central means of spiritual education in moderate Sunni Sufism, aiming to refine the soul and elevate ethical conduct. Within the Libyan Sufi heritage, Shaykh Sidi ‘Abd al-Salam al-Asmar emerges as a distinguished figure who combined knowledge and practice, asceticism and education, and dhikr with disciplined behavior under the principles of Shari‘aÆ

This paper examines sama‘ as an educational and spiritual practice governed by clear ethical and religious regulations. It seeks to highlight Shaykh al-Asmar’s balanced understanding of sama‘, which harmonizes the outward and inward dimensions of faith, uniting Shari‘a and haqiqa (spiritual truth). The study addresses the following questions: What is the meaning of sama‘ in the Shaykh’s thought? What are its main etiquettes and rules? And what are its spiritual and educational impacts on the seeker (salikø©

Adopting analytical and educational approaches, the research concludes that sama‘ represents a state of spiritual perfection attained through obedience, purification, and divine illumination. Shaykh al-Asmar regarded sama‘ as a sincere act of love and reverence for God that requires presence of heart and pure intention. His poems and teachings stress piety, asceticism, and awareness of death.