The Role of the Sanusi Zawiyas in the Expansion of the Sanusi Movement Inside and Outside Libya (1837–1969)

Abstract

This study examines the role of Sanusi zawiyas in the spread and consolidation of the Sanusi movement in Libya and beyond during 1837–1969. The Sanusi movement relied on the establishment of zawiyas as its primary instrument for disseminating religious teachings, training members, and building social networks. Recognizing the zawiya as the foundational institution of the movement, this research defines its structure, components, locations, administrative system, functions, resources, and authority. It further analyzes the impact of these zawiyas on Libyan society and identifies several key zawiyas founded by Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi. Despite their central role, Sanusi zawiyas remain understudied in historical scholarship. To address this gap, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical historical methodology based on archival documents and historical sources. The findings highlight the multifunctional role of zawiyas as religious, educational, social, and political institutions that contributed significantly to the expansion and continuity of the Sanusi movement.